![]() In short, Deutsch claims that women have a passive-masochistic sexuality, they are born for reproduction and their development must be seen as different from the development of men. Hélène Deutsch (1884–1982) was one of Freud's first female pupils and the first analyst who made an integral, chronological study of woman's psychological development. ![]() Others reformulate Freud's theories more completely. Some generally agree with Freud's major outlines, modifying it through observations of the pre-Oedipal phase. Feminist psychoanalysts have confronted these ideas (particularly the female relationship to the real, imaginary and symbolic phallus) and reached different conclusions. In his late theory on the feminine, Freud recognized the early and long lasting libidinal attachment of the daughter to the mother during the pre-oedipal stages. Freud's model, which became integral to orthodox psychoanalysis, suggests that because women lack the visible genitals of the male, they feel they are "missing" the most central characteristic necessary for gaining narcissistic value-therefore developing feelings of gender inequality and penis envy. ![]() Feminists have long struggled with Sigmund Freud's classical model of gender and identity development, which centers on the Oedipus complex. ![]()
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